Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare, life-threatening bacterial infection. It occurs when the bacteria responsible - Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, which normally live harmlessly on the skin - invade the body's bloodstream and release poisonous toxins.
These toxins cause a massive drop in blood pressure (shock), resulting in dizziness and confusion. They also damage tissue, including skin and organs, and can disturb many vital organ functions. If TSS is left untreated, the combination of shock and organ damage can result in death.
Who is at risk?
Anyone can get TSS – men, women and children. For reasons that are still not understood, a significant proportion of cases occur in women who are on their period and using a tampon, particularly tampons that are designed to be 'super absorbent’.
TSS can also occur as a result of an infected boil, insect bite or wound, for example. Some cases are associated with skin damage from a burn or scald, which allows the bacteria to enter the body and release toxins.
The risk of TSS is greater in young people. It is thought that this is because many older people have developed immunity (resistance) to the toxins produced by the bacteria.
How common is TSS?
TSS is an extremely rare condition: around 40 people in the UK are affected every year. Two to three of them will die from TSS.
If TSS is diagnosed and treated early with antibiotics, there is a good chance of recovery.