A tracheostomy is a surgical procedure where the surgeon creates an opening in the neck at the front of the windpipe (trachea).
A tube is inserted into the opening and connected to an oxygen supply to assist with breathing.
Fluid that has built up in the throat and windpipe can also be removed through the opening.
A tracheostomy can be performed as:
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an emergency procedure – for example, if someone is unable to breathe following an injury or accident
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a planned procedure – to help someone who can't breathe normally because of a long-term condition such as multiple sclerosis
Read more about why a tracheostomy is necessary.
If it’s an emergency, the tracheostomy will be carried out at the site of the accident or in the nearest hospital’s accident and emergency department. Local anaesthetic may be used if there is not enough time to use general anaesthetic.
Planned tracheostomies are usually carried out in an operating theatre using general anaesthetic.
Read about how a tracheostomy is performed.
Is a tracheostomy permanent?
A tracheostomy can be temporary or permanent. When it's possible for a person to breathe unaided, the tracheostomy tube can be removed. The opening will usually close on its own within one to two weeks, leaving a small scar. If it doesn’t close on its own, it can be closed using stitches.
The tube may need to stay in permanently if a person has a long-term condition that makes it difficult for them to breathe unaided.
Safety
A tracheostomy is a safe and effective procedure. However, as with all medical procedures, there is a small risk of complications, such as bleeding and infection.
Read more about any complications of a tracheostomy that could arise.
Living with a tracheostomy
It's possible to enjoy a normal lifestyle with a permanent tracheostomy tube. However, adapting to life with a tracheostomy tube can take some time and most people will initially have difficulty with activities such as:
- talking
- eating
- keeping the tracheostomy tube clean and free of blockages
If you or your child needs to have a tracheostomy, a specially trained nurse will be available to give you advice and answer any questions that you have.
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children also has a comprehensive guide about living with a tracheostomy.